Spatial frequency maps for hg G sub-clades that attained 10% frequency in at least one population were obtained by applying the haplogroup frequencies from Supplementary Table S1. [38][self-published source?] [43] L240 was identified in 2009. Unresolved G2a-P15* lineages occur across a wide area extending from the Near/Middle East to the Balkans and Western Europe in the west, the Caucasus (especially the South Caucasus) in the north and Pakistan in the east. To accommodate for variability in sample sizes and hg G content, haplogroup diversity was calculated using the method of Nei37 only in the 52 instances when total population sample size exceeded 50 individuals and 5hg G chromosomes were observed. Rosser ZH, Zerjal T, Hurles ME et al. Although the low frequency of hg G1-M285 makes it impractical to justify displaying a spatial frequency map, it is found (Supplementary Table S1) in the Near/Middle East including Anatolia, the Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf region, as well as Iran and the South Caucasus (mostly Armenians). Conversely, hg G is present in Northeast Caucasus only at an average frequency of 5% (range 019%). Y-chromosomal diversity in Lebanon is structured by recent historical events. suggested that: "We estimate that the geographic origin of haplogroup G plausibly locates somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. Haplogroup G (M201) is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. Men from the Caucasus and men from eastern Europe also form distinctive STR clusters. (2000) suggested 17,000 years ago. It encompasses a small group of Hispanic men who also so far all have the odd value of 13,21 at the YCA marker. In the Tirol (Tyrol) of western Austria, the percentage of G-M201 can reach 40% or more; perhaps the most famous example is the ancient remains of the so-called "Iceman", tzi. The haplogroups contain many branches called subhaplogroups or subclades. It is not found among Native Americans except where intermarriage with non-native persons has occurred. Behar DM, Yunusbayev B, Metspalu M et al. In contrast to its widely dispersed sister clade defined by P303, hg G-M406 has a peak frequency in Cappadocia, Mediterranean Anatolia and Central Anatolia (67%) and it is not detected in most other regions with considerable P303 frequency. Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX et al. Kivisild T, Rootsi S, Metspalu M et al. In addition, there are multiple other SNPs thought to have the same coverage as M201. Distinguishing the co-ancestries of haplogroup G Y-chromosomes in the populations of Europe and the Caucasus. The most recent study (2010) estimates the common ancestor of all men in haplogroup G lived in Asia about 17,000 years ago, and the ancestor of the G2 subgroup lived about 15,000 years ago. Haplogroup G, together with J2 clades, has been associated with the spread of agriculture, especially in the European context. The presence of M527 in Provence, southern Italy and Ukraine may reflect subsequent Greek maritime Iron Age colonization events16 and perhaps, given its appearance among the Druze and Palestinians, even episodes associated with the enigmatic marauding Sea Peoples.42. P15 was identified at the University of Arizona and became widely known by 2002. The highest frequencies of haplogroup G appear in the Caucasus region; however it also shows significant frequencies in the Mediterranean areas and the Middle East [69,70]. The frequency data were converted into isofrequency maps using the Surfer software (version 8, Golden Software, Inc., Golden, CO, USA), following the kriging algorithm using advanced options to use bodies of waters as breaklines. PLoS One 2009; 4: e5792. In descending order, G-P303 is additionally a branch of G2 (P287), G2a (P15), G2a2, G2a2b, G2a2b2, and finally G2a2b2a. The geographic origins of a Y chromosome haplogroup for males can be deciphered from the phylogenetic tree of mankind, or the Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree, maintained by the International Society of Genetic Genealogy ( ISOGG, 2016 ). RV thanks the European Union Regional Development Fund for support through the Centre of Excellence in Genomics, the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research for the Basic Research grant SF 0270177As08. Phylogenetic relationships of studied binary markers within haplogroup G in wider context of M89-defined clade. In addition, we introduce five new markers: M426, M461, M485, M527 and M547 (Supplementary Table S2). Mol Biol Evol 2011; 29: 359365. The presence of hg G was first reported in Europe and Georgia5 and later described in additional populations of the Caucasus.6 Subsequently, several data sets containing hg G-related lineages have been presented in studies of different European populations7, 8, 9, 10 and so on, as well as studies involving several Middle Eastern and South Asian populations.4, 11, 12, 13, Hg G, together with J2 clades, has been associated with the spread of agriculture,5 especially in the European context. JD and JC were supported by ANR program AFGHAPOP No BLAN07-9_222301. While acknowledging that the inference of the age and geographic source of dispersals of Y chromosome haplogroups from the frequency and STR diversity data can be approximate at best, we speculate that this lineage could potentially be associated with the Linearbandkeramik (LBK) culture of Central Europe, as its highest frequency (3.45.1%) and Td estimate (Supplementary Table S4) of 108703029 years ago occur there. Until 2008, new G SNPs were reported from labs at the University of Arizona (P designations), Stanford University (M designations) or the University of Central Florida (U designations). Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18: 463470. The mutations involved may be complicated and difficult to interpret. Battaglia V, Fornarino S, Al-Zahery N et al. There are distinctive Ashkenazi Jewish and Kazakh subclades based on STR marker value combinations. In order to determine if one of these alternative SNPs represents a subclade of M201, the alternative SNPs must be tested in G persons who are negative for the known subclades of G. There are only a tiny number of persons in such a category, and only a tiny number of persons have been tested for G equivalent SNPs other than M201. volume20,pages 12751282 (2012)Cite this article. The coalescent times (Td) of various haplogroups were estimated using the ASDo methodology described by Zhivotovsky et al,32 modified according to Sengupta et al.13 We used the evolutionary effective mutation rate of 6.9 104 per 25 years, as pedigree rates are arguably only pertinent to shallow rooted familial pedigrees,33 as they do not consider the evolutionary consequences of population dynamics including the rapid extinction of newly appearing microsatellite alleles. In Europeexcept in Italy G2a2b1 constitutes less than 20% of G samples. 25 and 0.00069 denote the assumed average generation time in years and the effective mutation rate, respectively, and 1000 is used to convert the result of the equation (into thousands of years). Digora, North Ossetia has the highest known concentration of G in a single city, as 74% of the tested men were G.[14] Haplogroup G is found as far east as northern China in small percentages where G can reach more substantial percentages in minority groups such as the Uyghurs. ISSN 1018-4813 (print), Distinguishing the co-ancestries of haplogroup G Y-chromosomes in the populations of Europe and the Caucasus, Subdividing Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a1 reveals Norse Viking dispersal lineages in Britain, Phylogenetic analysis of the Y-chromosome haplogroup C2b-F1067, a dominant paternal lineage in Eastern Eurasia, Y-chromosomal connection between Hungarians and geographically distant populations of the Ural Mountain region and West Siberia, Origin and diffusion of human Y chromosome haplogroup J1-M267, Bidirectional dispersals during the peopling of the North American Arctic, The role of matrilineality in shaping patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA sequence variation in southwestern Angola, Ancient human mitochondrial genomes from Bronze Age Bulgaria: new insights into the genetic history of Thracians, Medieval Super-Grandfather founder of Western Kazakh Clans from Haplogroup C2a1a2-M48, Early medieval genetic data from Ural region evaluated in the light of archaeological evidence of ancient Hungarians, http://harpending.humanevo.utah.edu/popstr/, Population genetic study of 17 Y-STR Loci of the Sorani Kurds in the Province of Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, Phylogenetic history of patrilineages rare in northern and eastern Europe from large-scale re-sequencing of human Y-chromosomes, Sex-biased patterns shaped the genetic history of Roma, Middle eastern genetic legacy in the paternal and maternal gene pools of Chuetas, Cancel They are found only in tiny numbers elsewhere. PAU thanks Professor Carlos D Bustamante. The naming of sub-clades is according to YCC nomenclature principles. Haplogroup G was the first branch of Haplogroup F outside of Africa. The hg G individuals in Supplementary Table S1 were either first genotyped for this study or updated to present phylogenetic resolution from earlier studies.2, 4, 10, 11, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 All hg G (M201-derived) samples were genotyped in a hierarchical manner for the following binary markers: M285, P20, P287, P15, L91 P16, M286, P303, U1, L497, M406, Page19, M287 and M377. P257 was first reported in 2008. The L91 mutation is found at 21327383 and rs35474563 on the Y-chromosome. Thus, G2a3a-M406, along with other lineages, such as J2a3b1-M92 and J2a4h2-DYS445=616, may track the expansion of the Neolithic from Central/Mediterranean Anatolia to Greece/Italy and Iran. Sims LM, Garvey D, Ballantyne J : Improved resolution haplogroup G phylogeny in the Y chromosome, revealed by a set of newly characterized SNPs. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 72: 313332. EKK thanks the Russian Academy of Sciences Program for Fundamental Research Biodiversity and dynamics of gene pools, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation for state contracts P-325 and 02.740.11.07.01, and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research for grants 04-04-48678- and 07-04-01016-. Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a). PubMedGoogle Scholar. The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations. Among Jews in Israel drawn from many areas of the world, G-M377 constituted 3.7% in one study. Because SNPs provide the most reliable method of categorization, each is allowed to represent an official G category. Almost all L141 men belong to L141 subclades. . In the Russian North Caucasus the Kabardinian and Ossetian populations are also notable for high rates of G-M201. Important caveats to consider include the fact that Td is sensitive to authentic rare outlier alleles and that multiple founders during population formation will inflate the age estimate of the event. The identification of a new SNP can necessitate renaming of one or more categories. Supplementary Information accompanies the paper on European Journal of Human Genetics website, Rootsi, S., Myres, N., Lin, A. et al. A high percentage of G-Z1903 men belong to its subclade, G-Z724. Age: About 7,800 years ago Origin: Eurasia Y-Haplotree. These two reported Pakistani G-M377 haplotypes are quite divergent from the Ashkenazi Jewish clade, and therefore do not at all indicate a recent common origin. M286 was first identified at Stanford University at chromosome position 21151187, and is a mutation from G to A. ), Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Human Y chromosome DNA grouping common in western Eurasia, This article is about the human Y-DNA haplogroup. Furthermore, markers Page94, U5, U8 and L30 were typed in contextually appropriate samples to establish the position of the five new markers within the phylogeny. Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. The most probably region of the initial phase of G-M201 is estimated to be in Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. [citation needed] These five major sub-clades of the G2 branch show distinct distribution patterns over the whole area of their spread. Google Scholar. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.86, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.86. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. Taken as a collective group, P303-derived chromosomes are the most widespread of all hg G lineages (Supplementary Table S1 and Figure 2b) and clearly display differential geographic partitioning between L497 (Figure 2c) and U1 (xM527) (Figure 2d). Thus inferences regarding migratory histories must be viewed cautiously, as diversities may have changed over the time spans discussed. Nature 2010; 466: 238242. The highest percentage of G-P303 persons in a discrete population so far described is on the island of Ibiza off the eastern Spanish coast. It is a branch of Haplogroup F (M89), and is theorized to have originated, according to the latest thinking, in the Near East or Southern Asia, likely in the region that is now northern India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. In Turkey, the South Caucasus and Iran, haplogroup G reaches the highest percentage of national populations. In Lebanon, however, G accounts for 6.5% of the population and in Iran to around 10%. G2a1a persons also typically have higher values for DYS385b, such as 16, 17 or 18, than seen in most G persons. Mol Biol Evol 2011; 28: 29052920. The DYS391 marker has mostly a value of 10, but sometimes 11, in G2a2b1 persons, and DYS392 is almost always 11. Mol Biol Evol 2006; 23: 22682270. It remains to be seen if testing will reveal G-M377 haplotypes in other populations this is some indication that G-M377 occurs at low levels in the Near East. [2], In 2012, a paper by Siiri Rootsi et al. Mitochondrial DNA variation of modern Tuscans supports the near eastern origin of Etruscans. This haplogroup was found in a Neolithic skeleton from around 5000 BC, in the cemetery of Derenburg Meerenstieg II, Germany, which forms part of the Linear Pottery culture, known in German as Linearbandkeramik (LBK),[11] but was not tested for G2a3 subclades. Y chromosome genetic variation in the Italian peninsula is clinal and supports an admixture model for the Mesolithic-Neolithic encounter. (2004) Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the . Haplogroup definition, a set of similar haplotypes inherited together, or a group who shares a set of similar haplotypes, used to understand genetic lineages. Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography. Haplogroup G1 is a primary subclade of haplogroup G . Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. AAL thanks the Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18: 348353. Bosch E, Calafell F, Comas D, Oefner PJ, Underhill PA, Bertranpetit J : High-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula.
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