slavery in calvert county, md

After the death of his owner around 1785, when Ball was only four years old, his mother was sold to a Georgia slave trader and his siblings to other purchasers. 1674, Charles County Ball, Charles1837 Slavery in the United States: A Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Charles Ball, a Black Man, Who Lived Forty Years In Maryland, South Carolina and Georgia, as a Slave Under Various Masters, and was One year in the Navy with Commodore Barney, During the Late War. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Benjamin Williams This means you probably will not find the slave owner from your ancestor's surname. Slaveholder in All Saints Parish, Calvert County, Maryland Tobacco plantations flourished in southern Maryland during slavery. The second name is that of Augustine Herman, one of Cecil's first land owners. Dr. Thomas Parran, also from Calvert County, served as a surgeon to the Maryland Line. Available at https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/ballslavery/ball.html. Jonathan Morgan War of 1812 Refugee, Calvert County, Maryland The proceeds of those sales assisted poor whites in the parish. War of 1812 Claimant, Calvert County, Maryland Repent in the sense that we have to come to grips with that, that the wealth of this county, the wealth of the church is due to the labor of [Black] men, women, and children. 1999 electronic version. He told The County Times about his purpose in researching and . War of 1812 Refugee, Calvert County, Maryland We have to tell these stories, we have to hear these stories and we have to draw these stories out, and we have to hear new ones, said Phelps, who has started a reconciliation group at his church. Flag Ponds Nature Park. A Guide to the History of Slavery in Marylandtraces slavery's history from the founding of George and Cecil Calvert's colony through the American Civil War and is organized around three broad questions: 2 Figure 4: Woodcut depicting agricultural work in antebellum Maryland Figure 5: Cecil Calvert, grandson and slave boy, 1670 War of 1812 Refugee, Calvert County, Maryland More is known for some, such as Gabriel Hall. In 1805, Ballard sold Charles to a Georgia slave trader. 1634-1647, brother of Cecilius Calvert, above. War of 1812 Refugee, Calvert County, Maryland Claim for escaped slaves, Calvert County, Maryland, 1828 Gideon Jones In certain databases, users will find the following abbreviations used for those counties. The table below shows the corresponding full names of the 22 counties. George Wilkinson Homeowners in Calvert County, Maryland, are fighting water bills in the thousands of dollars that many thought were a mistake before they learned they actually owed the money. Calvert County's earliest identified settlers were Piscataway Indians. So those stories go unspoken, said Phelps. Use the database image numbers to refer directly to images of the inventories on FamilySearch.org. Thomas C. Gantt Claim for escaped slaves, Calvert County, Maryland, 1828 This is a mid-level category and should not have individual profiles added to it. When slavery ended, profound changes swept the countryside. Nace Leach Abstracts of deeds sent to Annapolis beginning in 1784 and provincial court deeds/land office records also make up for some of the destroyed records. A Guide to the History of Slavery in Marylandtraces slaverys history from the founding of George and Cecil Calverts colony through the American Civil War and is organized around three broad questions: 2 Figure 4: Woodcut depicting agricultural work in antebellum Maryland Figure 5: Cecil Calvert, grandson and slave boy, 1670. Who are some famous people from the state of Maryland? Walter Wells The fortunes amassed from the labor of enslaved workers allowed Marylands gentry to dominate colonial politics and propelled some to national prominence. . Betsy Jones Samuel Chase. https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/ballslavery/ball.html, https://www.nps.gov/people/charles-ball.htm, https://nationalarchivestt.wordpress.com/2015/08/14/the-story-of-the-merikens-in-trinidad/, https://www.nps.gov/stsp/learn/historyculture/colonial-marines.htm, https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/british-corps-colonial-marines, Calvert County African Americans and the War of 1812. Each brick was pressed by slaves, said Phelps. By Delonte Harrod, Special to the AFRO. Thomas B. Hungerford Darida Jones Abbreviations for Johnson can include Jo. . Nancy Jones War of 1812 Refugee, Calvert County, Maryland United States Census (Slave Schedule), 1850 Calvert County (Source: FamilySearch) Estate Records . Charles father, enslaved by the Hantz family, also lived close to Charles, his mother and siblings. Day; Wm. Claimant for Escaped Slaves, Calvert County, Maryland One entry for William Y. Created by the Calvert County Department of Communications and Media Relations. Slavery in Maryland Maryland did not begin as an "official" slave state, although the founders were possible slave traders. Anna Brooks When this proved to be inconvenient the county seat was moved in 1722 by an Act of the Assembly to a tract known as "Williams' Old Field" which was designated as the site of a new courthouse. For the British, this enhanced their numbers and disrupted the local economy and social order. About 1800, Ball's elderly master hired the then-twenty-year-old slave out at the Washington Navy Yard, with Ball becoming a cook aboard the US frigate Congress. War of 1812 Refugee, Calvert County, Maryland 1776, Prince Georges County By the 18th century, Maryland had developed into a plantation colony and slave society, requiring extensive numbers of field hands for the labor-intensive commodity crop of tobacco. Mary Smith United States Department of the Interior. English servant Martha was married to Boatswain in St. Mary's County in 1682 when they were listed in the inventory of the estate of Robert Ridgely [Prerogative Inventories & Accounts, 8:300]. Free delivery and returns on eligible orders. However, the shift of activity to the Patuxent and Calvert County had special meaning for one Flotilla sailor and provided avenues to freedom for many enslaved persons in the county. National Park Service2021 Colonial Marines. Mary Ann Gray In 1936, the county had only 15.2 miles of paved roads. The first step in researching slave records is to find the slave owner and his family. Until the age of 20, Ball labored for the senior Cox. Earlier records available at the State Hall of Records. As much as interest has swelled regarding participants in the Underground Railroad, there has been an equal passion to identify the paths that were, perhaps, most often followed by fugitives heading north. War of 1812 Refugee, Calvert County, Maryland About 2,000 pages dating from the late 1600s to early 1800s were found in a plastic trash bag in the attic of a 200-year-old house near Chestertown, Md., as the owner, Nancy Bordely Lane, was . Approximately 4000 enslaved African Americans from the Chesapeake found freedom by fleeing to the British military, 273 from Calvert County. War of 1812 Refugee, Calvert County, Maryland Much of Calvert County's plantations and towns were demolished by the British army on its way to Washington, and rebuilding was a long process. The Southern Maryland Chronicle(SoMDC) is an all-digital news source for SoMD. WIKITREE HOME | ABOUT | G2G FORUM | HELP | SEARCH. At the time of this report Archives staff has completed implementation of interactive mapping for Prince George's, Anne Arundel, Washington County and initiated the program for Frederick and Baltimore County. Washington D.C. Suckey Coates Michael Taney State Parks. They feared that they would never see some of their family members again if they left. Martha Wilson In the history of the War of 1812, Calvert County is most famous for Barneys Flotilla and the Battles of St. Jerome Creek and St. Leonards Creek. War of 1812 Refugee, Calvert County, Maryland Alexander Cook A second invasion took place during the War of 1812, when Calvert County became a battleground, both on land and sea. See the Heritage Exchange Portal for more information on how to document slaves and slave owners. One such individual was Charles Stewart. At the end of the War of 1812, Levin Ballard, a slave master in Calvert County, Maryland sent a letter to Congress asking for money for the loss of property, livestock, and slaves who escaped with the British at the end of the war. War of 1812 Refugee, Calvert County, Maryland Phillis Lane Front cover reads: "Chas. (1743-1811) of Annapolis Signer of the Declaration of Independence. The Navy discharged Ball in 1814. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Washington D.C. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Escaped from Calvert County, Maryland, 1814 The second reference fits the bill and the link associated with it will take you directly to the spot on the Martenet map where this Isaac Scaags is referenced. (1737-1832) of Annapolis Signer of the Declaration of Independence. A workboat or ferry was the only direct link with St. Mary's County from Solomons. War of 1812 Refugee, Calvert County, Maryland SoMDC covers every aspect of the SoMD Region and will continue to grow with the community. Claim for escaped slaves, Calvert County, Maryland, 1828 Kent said some slaves didnt want to leave their families behind. . War of 1812 Refugee, Calvert County, Maryland Ball served at the Battles of St. Leonard Creek and Bladensburg. Daniel Gross Phelps spoke to the mostly White crowd, sprinkled with a few African-Americans, about the Episcopal churchs participation in slavery, and how the church was built with slave labor. This made the county very vulnerable to the forces that tore at the nation, resulting in the Civil War. War of 1812 Claimant, Calvert County, Maryland War of 1812 Refugee, Calvert County, Maryland In 1867, Captain Isaac Solomon established a commercial fishery in the southernmost part of the county, which became known as Solomon's Island. While Maryland developed similarly to neighboring Virginia, slavery declined here as an institution earlier, and it had the largest free black population by 1860 of any state. Only 13 at the time, Hall relocated to Halifax, Nova Scotia. Slavery in Maryland lasted over 200 years, from its beginnings in 1642 when the first Africans were brought as slaves to St. Mary's City, to its end after the Civil War. Uunila said former slaves, now trained in combat and carrying guns, put fear in the hearts of slave owners like Elizabeth Ballard, perhaps related to Levin Ballard. See the Heritage Exchange Portal for more information on how to document slaves and slave owners. After serving in a variety of roles for the Patriot cause in Maryland, in 1779 Hanson was elected as a delegate to the Continental Congress. War of 1812 Refugee, Calvert County, Maryland 1850 Slave Schedules Calvert County (Source: Explore Ancestry for free) ($) Over the course of the next 230 years of slavery's existence in Maryland, 22 counties were formed, defining the boundaries of one of the 13 original colonies. Claim for escaped slaves, Calvert County, Maryland, 1828 Slave statistics register of Charles County, 1867, 1868, 1869 Call Number: Maryland Microfilm BB912s Online Census Information General Saunders Maryland (IPA: 'mrlnd) az Amerikai Egyeslt llamok hetedik tagllama. There were other plantation owners in the county as well; Sarah Ogle Hilleary owned Three Sisters in Lanham; Thomas Spriggs Jr. By 1680 the number had increased to 33% and by the early 1700s, three quarters of laborers were enslaved Africans. Claim for escaped slaves, Calvert County, Maryland, 1828 At the latter, Ball remained to fight until Commodore Barney fell injured and the militia fled according to his autobiography. The slave of William Harris in Calvert County, Frisby Harris was born around 1796. Claim for escaped slaves, Calvert County, Maryland, 1828 In 1664, led by the third Lord Baltimore, plantation owner and Proprietary Governor Charles Calvert, Maryland became the first colony to mandate lifelong servitude for all black slaves, the first to make the children of slaves their master's property for life, and the first to ban interracial marriages. John Dare The annual event entailed a series of speechesincluding a brief reenactment of a slave telling her master, a White woman, she was going to fight with British to obtain her freedom; food; and free kayaking tours. Two other improvements that have dramatically affected the county are the construction of Route 4, and the Thomas Johnson Bridge. Still legally considered a slave, Ball could have been forced back into slavery under fugitive slave laws. Betty Coates John Sewell Let's say the Isaac Scaags you are looking for is in Prince George's County. Most records were destroyed when the courthouse burned in 1882, but some deeds dating back to 1840 were re-recorded. The Thomas Johnson Bridge connects Solomons to St. Mary's County. Ball was sold to Jack Cox, a farmer with several slaves, who . Keeping the slaves who were unable to cut and hang tobacco would cost slave owners more money, according to Kent. War of 1812 Refugee, Calvert County, Maryland Maryland was founded in 1634 when 140 European immigrants disembarked from two ships entitled the Ark and the Dove. John Broome Despite segregated training at a base on Tangier Island, the Colonial Marines received identical training, pay, and equipment as their white Royal Marine counterparts. What are 2 negative effects of using oil on the environment? Claimant for Escaped Slaves, Calvert County, Maryland War of 1812 Refugee, Calvert County, Maryland After the war, the third battalion of Colonial Marines, approximately 700 men, and their families resettled in Trinidad, along the southern coast. Around those ages, they were unable to participate in tobacco cutting, a form of hard harsh labor. During this time, Charles married Judah, a woman enslaved on the nearby Symmes plantation. Most of the records are from 1830-1880. Daniel Maynard . The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". It was a tough decision to make . George Calvert was born at his father's plantation home of Mount Airy, Maryland, on February 2, 1768, the youngest son of Benedict Swingate Calvert, who was himself the illegitimate son of Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore, the penultimate Lord Proprietor of the Province of Maryland . Claim for escaped slaves, Calvert County, Maryland, 1828 Claimant for Escaped Slaves, Calvert County, Maryland. Claim for escaped slaves, Calvert County, Maryland, 1828 It must be noted that just because a slave was free from forced labor didnt mean he or she was considered equal to White people. At the end of the War of 1812, Levin Ballard, a slave master in Calvert County, Maryland sent a letter to Congress asking for money for the loss of property . It began, as with the story of Mathias de Sousa, as a place that any person that arrived as an indentured servant, could become a free person after they had served the time of their indentureship. Once you have been able to carve out a subject's general background through the preceding sources, you may want to familiarize yourself with the Maryland area in which the individual lived. War of 1812 Refugee, Calvert County, Maryland Mary Gross He reunited with Judah and hired himself out as a free man. Claim for escaped slaves, Calvert County, Maryland, 1828 War of 1812 Refugee, Calvert County, Maryland This section of the park features the reconstructed ruins of two slave quarters. Claim for escaped slaves, Calvert County, Maryland, 1828 During this time, at least half of Marylands enslaved population lived in Calvert, Charles, Prince Georges, and St. 7 Who was a Marylander during the American Revolution? October 18, 2018 ccnaacp Special Thanks to the AFRO At the end of the War of 1812, Levin Ballard, a slave master in Calvert County, Maryland sent a letter to Congress asking for money for the loss of property, livestock, and slaves who escaped with the British at the end of the war. Profiles are placed in this category with this text [[Category:Calvert County, Maryland, Slave Owners]] . Charles Yeasling We wanted to get the facts straight and dug into the data in order to identify the most racist cities in Maryland. What was life like for slaves in Mary Land? John Fitzhugh 3 Where did the slaves in Maryland come from? (A historical marker located in Lake Arbor in Prince George's County, Maryland.) 1789, Anne Arundel County "The wealth of Calvert County is built on the backs of . Claim for escaped slaves, Calvert County, Maryland, 1828 Nathaniel Smith Rector grounded his remarks in the Christian tradition of confession. The Courthouse was finally completed in 1732. They knew what to expect in Calvert County.. Create a Website Account - Manage notification subscriptions, save form progress and more. War of 1812 Refugee, Calvert County, Maryland Claim for escaped slaves, Calvert County, Maryland Claim for escaped slaves, Calvert County, Maryland, 1828 Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. the state abolished slavery in 1864, enslaved Africans and African Americans were im- portant in shaping Marylands history. An ongoing effort to link case studies to the sites where the person, place or events interacted in the history of assisted flight. War of 1812 Refugee, Calvert County, Maryland The goal was to impact the tobacco trade, the most important regional economic pursuit. Slave masters wouldnt have much use for them in the field anymore, said Kent. Documents with links to: Maryland State Archives - Guide to Government Records http://guide.mdsa.net/pages/viewer.aspx?page=indices Claim for slaves, Calvert County, Maryland War of 1812 Refugee, Calvert County, Maryland W. A. Sommerville Rachel Sewell Ann Sollers .16 Three Eagan men--two of whom were brothers, and one a close kin from Calvert County, Maryland, all Sedwick slaves, appeared at army recruiting stations in We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. War of 1812 Refugee, Calvert County, Maryland CONTENT MAY BE COPYRIGHTED BY WIKITREE COMMUNITY MEMBERS. Can banks make loans out of their required reserves? Welcome to Calvert County Public Schools' Home Access Center (HAC)! Samuel Leach People poured into the county. War of 1812 Refugee, Calvert County, Maryland First enslaved on a large plantation with 260 others, in less than a year Charles owner gave him to his daughter as a wedding present forcing his relocation to the Georgia frontier. Finding townhomes for sale in Calvert County, MD has never been easier on PropertyShark! War of 1812 Refugee, Calvert County, Maryland Born into slavery around 1780, Ball lived on a Calvert County, Maryland, tobacco farm until the owner's death forced the liquidation of the estate. War of 1812 Refugee, Calvert County, Maryland That was for a total white population of 3,997. Aware of the regions reliance on enslaved labor, the British offered freedom to any enslaved person who joined their military and their relocation to other British controlled land, primarily to the Canadian Maritime Provinces and Trinidad in the West Indies. . [1] It is important to note that some of the names, including that of Charles Ball, were changed when he told his story in order to protect those still enslaved and himself from re-enslavement. Claim for escaped slaves, Calvert County, Maryland, 1828 He lived there with his mother and siblings until about 1785 when the owner's death forced the estate to be sold up and the slaves sold away. Prince George's County District 1. By 1970, the census counted 20,672. Tom Yeasling Joseph Yeasling Little is known of Ball after this. Many of of the settlers were Roman Catholic. Tenant tobacco farmer Helen Gray served as a domestic cleaning houses for white families, when she was . 1706, St. Marys County For many, all that is known is a name and nothing about their life before or after escape. Thomas Clagett - http://slavery.msa.maryland.gov/html/mapped_images/pgd3.html?title0=Clagett%2C%20T.&occurrence0=0 Fanny Sewell The invasion of Normandy was simulated on the lower Cliffs of Calvert. Claim for Escaped Slaves, Calvert County, Maryland, 1828 Claim for escaped slaves, Calvert County, Maryland, 1828 At the end of a three mile narrow road on the edge of a bluff above the Patuxent River marsh are the remnants of the first town in Prince Georges County, Maryland.First named Mount Calvert, then Charles Town. By the second generation of Ball's family, slavery had become a racialized, legislated inheritance in Maryland. WTOP . Benjamin Hance Jane Stewart Shop Calvert County Maryland USA Lighthouse Design Zip Hoodie. It does not store any personal data. Escaped from Calvert County, Maryland, 1814 Harriet Mitchel In essence, at the turn of the 18th century, the church itself became the primary auction block in Maryland. Claim for escaped slaves, Calvert County, Maryland, 1828 The early years included slaves who were African Creoles, descendants of African women and Portuguese men who worked at the slave ports. Plotting sites as population clusters on interactive maps enhances our ability to read the landscape in the way that fugitives may have understood it, and deal with more theoretical concerns such as, How could one get out, and by what route? The historiography of slave culture and community is full of references to nearby plantations or communities of free blacks and the benefit that such spatial arrangements brought to the experience of enslavement. so continuing to enter William or Will would not return this entry. Claim for escaped slaves, Calvert County, Maryland, 1828 Claimant for Escaped Slaves, Calvert County, Maryland University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Benjamin H. Mackall Here is a listing of abbreviations for some commonly used names taken from the rootsweb website. This is why this is important. Recently divers discovered remains of that famous flotilla at the bottom of the creek where Barney's men scuttled their barges to keep them from falling into British hands. We have to come to grips with that, because if we cant do that, the best part that comes at the end of reconciliation, the sharing of the peace, the embracing of each other that says I forgive you is impossible. Stephen John War of 1812 Refugee, Calvert County, Maryland Only Anne Arundel County (7,332), Charles County(9,653), and St. Marys County (6,549) had more. Krlbell akkora a terlete mint Belgium. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. variety of choices when entering sought after names in the Beneath The Underground database search engine. 1837, Calvert County From the late 1600s to the mid-1800s, large tobacco plantations dominated the economic and social life of Prince George's County. 2008 - 2023 INTERESTING.COM, INC. Edmund B. Duval - http://slavery.msa.maryland.gov/html/mapped_images/pgd1.html?title0=Duval%2C%20Edmund&occurrence0=0 Letty Jones According to Kent, when a male slave turned 40 years old, he would be useless to his master and when women inched toward their mid-thirties, they also were considered useless, unless they returned to domestic work (housekeeping). Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Peter Sewell . John Chew [ People know] that Calvert County had slaves, but maybe they didnt realize that there were slaves who didnt want to remain slaves and that some of them left slavery not through violence, but by going with the British during the War of 1812.. Juliet Stewart War of 1812 Refugee, Calvert County, Maryland Jacob's Children: Slave Breeding in Maryland. County: Comments Cecilius Calvert (1605-1675) England: 1634: Maryland Colony: 2nd Lord Baltimore, led first expedition that established Colony of Maryland Leonard Calvert (1610-1647) England: bef. Claim for escaped slaves, Calvert County, Maryland, 1828 Two years from his landing he, too, was acting with opposing settlers. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Claimant for Escaped Slave, All Saints Parish, Calvert County, Maryland 3. Hezekiah Colberth Calvert was forced to flee to Virginia, but he returned at the head of an armed force in 1646 and reasserted proprietarial rule. 1864 Edward Gorsuch - http://slavery.msa.maryland.gov/html/mapped_images/bcd8.html?title0=Gorsuch%2C%20Edward&occurrence0=0. Where did the slaves in Maryland come from? 1650, Baltimore County Although Maryland was officially aligned with the North, many countians sympathized with the Confederate cause. Worship Info All Saints creates and identifies opportunities for all to participate in activities that stimulate their interest and passion toward active discipleship. Alexander Broome This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. War of 1812 Refugee, Calvert County, Maryland We need to invite others into this process., A Community Remembers Slaves Who Sought Freedom, 2018 13th Annual Go to High School, Go to College College Fair. Benjamin Diggs Sidney Mitchel Escaped from Calvert County, Maryland, 1814 On June 16, 1814, Steward decided to run away to the British ships anchored off Lower Marlboro. Calvert County Maryland Date of Birth: c. 1781 Charles Ball was born into slavery on a Maryland tobacco plantation sometime around 1781. Escaped from All Saints Parish, Calvert County, Maryland, 1814 There may have been a psychological aspect as well with persons returning under arms to their former places of enslavement. ., Kent said during his presentation. Welcome to All Saints, with the emphasis on ALL. The British liberated enslaved people, transporting them outside the country to shield them against their former owners. Susannah Rawlings War of 1812 Refugee, Calvert County, Maryland Charles Stewart They grew corn and tobacco on rich farmlands that were to prove very attractive to colonists arriving from England in the early 1600's. Today, we have a tremendous opportunity at Mount Calvert to dive into the diverse history of Prince George's County, and our current research is focused on an area where a community of enslaved men, women, and children were housed from about 1790-1860. The introduction of the automobile made inland travel more attractive, although the lack of good roads made for a rough ride. city, town Prince Frederick state and zip code MD 20678 S. Location of Legal Description courthouse, registry of deeds, etc. Holsey Butler Levin W. Ballard Editor's Note: The following was submitted by Calvert County historian Michael Kent, author of "Mulatto: The Black History of Calvert County, Maryland.". We cover all of Charles, Calvert, and St. Mary's Counties; along with the Southern portions of Anne Arundel and Prince George's County. Henry Gantt Clarissa Sewell In 1638, Calvert seized a trading post in Kent Island established by the Virginian William Claiborne. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Sampson Gross Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. About 300 arrived each year between 16951708. 1830 Federal Census Calvert County, Maryland (Source: MyHeritage) ($) 1840 . British troops invaded Calvert County in 1780. Records of Slaves. Approximately 4000 enslaved African Americans from the Chesapeake found freedom by fleeing to the British military, 273 from Calvert County. Patents Calvert County, Maryland (Source: Google Patents) Tobacco in Calvert County Gov. Claim for escaped slaves, Calvert County, Maryland, 1828 John Broome Claim for escaped slaves, Calvert County, Maryland, 1828 John Chew Claim for escaped slaves, Calvert County, Maryland, 1828 Hezekiah Colberth Claim for escaped slaves, Calvert County, Maryland, 1828 Thomas Cook Claim for escaped slaves, Calvert County, Maryland, 1828 Sarah Cox A toll bridge was built across the Patuxent River at Hallowing Point in 1951, connecting Calvert and Charles Counties. The invaders raided the Bay and Patuxent Rivers targeting property in an effort to upend both the local economy and society.